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Related Concept Videos

Structure of a Gene01:30

Structure of a Gene

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A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Single-cell Gene Expression Profiling Using FACS and qPCR with Internal Standards
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Variability among individuals is generated at the gene expression level.

Lloyd S Peck, Michael A S Thorne, Joseph I Hoffman

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    |September 18, 2015
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Individual variation in Antarctic molluscs is greatest at the gene expression level, not in morphology. This finding helps predict how biodiversity will respond to climate change.

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    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Genomics
    • Ecology

    Background:

    • Understanding adaptation requires knowledge of how biological variation is generated and distributed across different scales.
    • Variation can occur from genetic to morphological levels, but the primary source of variability remains unclear.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the relative contribution of gene expression, physiology, and morphology to individual variation.
    • To determine where variability is primarily generated in organisms.

    Main Methods:

    • Compared variation levels in gene expression, physiology, and morphology in Antarctic molluscs (Laternula elliptica and Nacella concinna).
    • Utilized the Wentworth Scale for direct comparison across diverse traits, including gene expression (QPCR, transcription profiles), physiological measures (respiration, burying rate), and morphology (shell length, ash-free dry mass).

    Main Results:

    • Consistently greater variation was observed in gene expression compared to morphology.
    • Physiological measures exhibited intermediate levels of variation.
    • Results suggest that variability is predominantly generated at the gene expression level.

    Conclusions:

    • Biological variability originates primarily from gene expression differences.
    • Findings have significant implications for refining models predicting biodiversity responses to climate change.