Forebrain neurocircuitry associated with human reflex cardiovascular control.

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Cardiovascular Physiology
• Autonomic Nervous System Regulation

Background:

• Physiological homeostasis relies on sensory information integration with the autonomic nervous system (ANS) for effective end-organ control.
• ANS dysregulation can cause severe cardiovascular disability, including sudden death.
• Reflexive autonomic control involves brainstem nuclei modulated by midbrain and cortical centers.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and compare cortical autonomic circuitry in rodents, primates, and humans, focusing on neuroimaging studies in awake humans.
• To examine the neural basis of cardiovascular adjustments during stress, focusing on the medial prefrontal cortex and insula cortex.
• To analyze autonomic responses related to baroreflex control of blood pressure and volitional exercise.

Main Methods:

• Comparative review of neuroimaging studies in awake humans, rodents, and primates.
• Emphasis on studies investigating cardiovascular arousal during stress.
• Focus on responses related to baroreflex control and volitional exercise.

Main Results:

• Neuroimaging studies reveal forebrain sites, including the medial prefrontal cortex, insula cortex, anterior cingulate, amygdala, and hippocampus, associated with cardiovascular arousal during stress.
• Cortical autonomic circuitry plays a crucial role in modulating autonomic responses.
• Interpretation of neuroimaging data requires consideration of sensory, perceptual, emotive, and reflexive components.

Conclusions:

• The medial prefrontal cortex and insula cortex are key areas involved in the cortical control of cardiovascular autonomic responses.
• Understanding cortical autonomic circuitry is vital for addressing cardiovascular disabilities.
• Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex interplay between cortical structures and autonomic control.