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Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...

Peroxisomes and Mitochondria

Peroxisomes and Mitochondria

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration—the process that converts energy from food into ATP. Peroxisomes carry out a variety of functions, primarily breaking down different substances, such as fatty acids.
The peroxisome is a single membrane-bound cellular organelle that can perform several different functions, including lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification. The enzymes within...

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...

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Updated: Apr 3, 2026

High Resolution Physical Characterization of Single Metallic Nanoparticles

High Resolution Physical Characterization of Single Metallic Nanoparticles

Published on: June 28, 2019

Nanostructures for peroxidases.

Ana M Carmona-Ribeiro¹, Tatiana Prieto², Iseli L Nantes²

¹Biocolloids Laboratory, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil.

Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences

|September 22, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Peroxidases are enzymes that break down peroxides using various chemical centers. Combining them with nanostructures enhances their catalytic activity for diverse applications.

Keywords:

antioxidant enzymes antioxidants improved and reusable peroxidase activity micelles nanotubes particles self-assembly

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Area of Science:

Biochemistry and Nanotechnology

Background:

Peroxidases are enzymes catalyzing redox reactions involving peroxide cleavage.
Their active sites feature diverse chemical moieties like heme, thiols, selenium, and manganese.
Peroxidases and their mimics have applications in environmental protection, energy, bioremediation, biosensing, and drug delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the synergistic effects of combining peroxidases with nanostructures.
To enhance the catalytic activity, targeting, and reusability of peroxidase systems.

Main Methods:

Utilizing various nanostructures (nanoparticles, nanotubes, etc.) in conjunction with peroxidases.
Investigating the impact of these combinations on enzyme performance.

Main Results:

The integration of peroxidases with nanostructures significantly improves catalytic efficiency.
Nanostructure-peroxidase conjugates demonstrate enhanced targeting and reusability.

Conclusions:

Combining peroxidases with nanostructures is a potent strategy for optimizing their performance.
This approach broadens the scope of technological and biomedical applications for peroxidases.