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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Clinical Practice Protocol of Creative Music Therapy for Preterm Infants and Their Parents in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
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Infants Time Their Smiles to Make Their Moms Smile.

Paul Ruvolo1, Daniel Messinger2, Javier Movellan3

  • 1Olin College of Engineering, Department of Engineering, Needham, Massachusetts, United States of America.

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|September 24, 2015
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Summary

Mothers and 4-month-old infants engage in purposeful smiling games. Mothers aim for mutual smiles, while infants maximize mother-only smiles, demonstrating early social timing skills.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental psychology
  • Robotics
  • Control theory

Background:

  • Mother-infant interaction, specifically smiling games, is a foundational social behavior.
  • While temporal dynamics are studied, the underlying reasons for smile timing remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze and synthesize the goal-oriented behavior in mother-infant smiling games using control theory.
  • To understand the specific timing strategies employed by mothers and infants.

Main Methods:

  • Applied control theory methods, commonly used in robotics, to analyze mother-infant dyadic interactions.
  • Developed and tested a child-like robot employing infant smile timing strategies to interact with adults.

Main Results:

  • By 4 months, both mothers and infants exhibit purposeful smile timing.
  • Mothers aimed to maximize mutual smiling, whereas infants sought to maximize mother-only smile duration.
  • A robot using the infant strategy successfully maximized adult-only smile time.

Conclusions:

  • Infants as young as 4 months engage in goal-oriented social interactions with sophisticated timing.
  • Control theory offers a valuable framework for analyzing complex social behaviors and developmental communication.