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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
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Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection
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Analysis of mRNA Nuclear Export Kinetics in Mammalian Cells by Microinjection

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Eukaryotic Ribosome Assembly and Nuclear Export.

Purnima Nerurkar1, Martin Altvater1, Stefan Gerhardy2

  • 1Institute of Biochemistry (IBC), Department of Biology (D-BIOL), ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Molecular Life Science (MLS) Graduate School, Zurich, Switzerland.

International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology
|September 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ribosome assembly is crucial for cell growth. This chapter details the final steps in eukaryotic ribosome maturation, ensuring accurate protein synthesis after nuclear export and cytoplasmic processing.

Keywords:
40S subunits60S subunitsBiogenesisEukaryotic cellsNuclear transportRibosome

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Ribosomes are essential for translating genetic code into proteins, driving cellular growth.
  • While mature ribosome structure is known, assembly, quality control, and targeting mechanisms are still being uncovered.
  • Eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis starts in the nucleolus, involving over 350 assembly factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the final maturation events of eukaryotic ribosomal subunits.
  • To understand the quality control mechanisms ensuring correctly assembled subunits for translation.

Main Methods:

  • This chapter focuses on the concluding stages of ribosome assembly and maturation.
  • It integrates knowledge on nuclear export, cytoplasmic processing, and quality control checkpoints.

Main Results:

  • Early assembly factors are released after their roles are completed, preparing subunits for export.
  • Nuclear export and subsequent cytoplasmic maturation are critical for ribosome competency.
  • Final maturation steps are tightly linked to quality control mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • The final events in the cytoplasm are pivotal for committing functional ribosomal subunits to protein synthesis.
  • Understanding these late-stage processes is key to comprehending ribosome biogenesis and function.