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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
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Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Allergic Rhinitis Research with Multicolor Immunofluorescence
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Olfaction in allergic rhinitis: A systematic review.

Boris A Stuck1, Thomas Hummel2

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
|September 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) frequently causes olfactory dysfunction, affecting 20-40% of patients. Treatments like antihistamines and steroids show limited effectiveness in restoring the sense of smell.

Keywords:
Allergyanosmiahyposmiaolfactionrhinitissmell

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Area of Science:

  • Otorhinolaryngology
  • Allergology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom in allergic rhinitis (AR).
  • Its impact on quality of life is significant, yet understudied.
  • Understanding AR's effect on olfaction is crucial for patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of allergic rhinitis on human olfaction.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of AR treatments in restoring olfactory function.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review of human studies of any design was conducted.
  • A comprehensive literature search identified 420 articles, with 36 deemed relevant.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory dysfunction frequency in AR patients ranges from 20% to 40% and increases with disease duration and severity.
  • Limited evidence suggests antihistamines, topical steroids, and immunotherapy offer minimal improvement in olfactory function.
  • A significant lack of randomized controlled trials and quantitative olfactory measurements was noted.

Conclusions:

  • Allergic rhinitis significantly impacts olfactory function, with prevalence increasing alongside disease duration and severity.
  • Current AR treatments demonstrate limited efficacy in restoring the sense of smell.
  • Further research, particularly randomized controlled trials with quantitative olfactory assessments, is needed to address remaining questions.