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Related Concept Videos

Surface Active Agents01:27

Surface Active Agents

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Surfactants, named for their behavior at interfaces, positively adsorb at the interfaces of two phases, reducing interfacial tension. Their versatility as emulsifiers, detergents, and foaming agents stems from this ability. Surfactants, often termed amphiphiles, share the property of amphipathy, with molecules having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions. The hydrophilic part is called the head, and the hydrophobic part, including an elongated alkyl substituent, forms the tail.Surfactants...
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Micelles01:30

Micelles

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Micelle formation is an intricate process that hinges on the properties of amphiphilic or amphipathic molecules and the conditions of the system in which they are found. Amphiphilic molecules, which have both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) parts, play a critical role in this process.In aqueous environments, these molecules arrange themselves such that their hydrophilic heads are turned towards the water phase, while their hydrophobic tails are oriented away...
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Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement01:27

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Permeability Enhancement

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After oral administration, poor permeability often limits the rate at which drugs are absorbed through the intestinal epithelium. Enhancing drug permeability is crucial for effective therapy, and several strategies have been developed to overcome this challenge.One effective strategy involves the use of lipid-based formulations. These formulations enhance dissolution and solubility, targeting physiological mechanisms to increase drug absorption. This includes stimulating bile salt secretion,...
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Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Solubility Enhancement01:16

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Solubility Enhancement

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Bioavailability is a critical factor in determining a drug's effectiveness. It refers to the proportion of a drug that enters the circulation when introduced into the body and is, as a result, able to have an active effect. Enhancing bioavailability is essential for drugs with poor solubility, as it can significantly impact their therapeutic efficacy. Various methods are employed to increase the solubility of drugs, thereby enhancing their bioavailability.Micronization and nanonization are...
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Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers01:24

Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers

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Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 3, 2026

Enhanced Oil Recovery using a Combination of Biosurfactants
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Enhanced perfume surface delivery to interfaces using surfactant surface multilayer structures.

Robert Bradbury1, Jeffrey Penfold2, Robert K Thomas1

  • 1Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|September 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Multivalent counterions like Ca(2+) enable surfactant multilayer adsorption at interfaces, enhancing perfume delivery and retention in formulations. This method significantly increases surface perfume concentration compared to traditional surfactant monolayers.

Keywords:
AdsorptionModel perfumesSurfactant multilayers

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Chemistry
  • Colloid and Interface Science
  • Formulation Science

Background:

  • Effective perfume delivery and retention at interfaces are crucial for home and personal care products.
  • Anionic surfactants, such as sodium dodecyl-6-benzenesulfonate (LAS-6), can form surface layers at interfaces.
  • Multivalent counterions, particularly Ca(2+), are known to induce multilayer adsorption of surfactants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of surfactant surface multilayer structures for enhanced perfume delivery.
  • To quantify the effect of incorporating model perfumes into LAS-6/Ca(2+) multilayers.
  • To compare perfume retention in multilayer structures versus surfactant monolayers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Neutron Reflectivity (NR) measurements to study surface structures.
  • Formulated systems with sodium dodecyl-6-benzenesulfonate (LAS-6) and Ca(2+) counterions.
  • Incorporated model perfumes: phenylethanol (PE) and linalool (LL) into the surfactant multilayers.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that LAS-6/Ca(2+) surface multilayer structures effectively incorporate and retain model perfumes.
  • Observed retention of these structures up to relatively high perfume mole fractions.
  • Showed at least an order of magnitude enhancement in surface perfume concentration compared to surfactant monolayers.

Conclusions:

  • Surfactant surface multilayer structures formed with multivalent counterions are promising for enhanced perfume delivery.
  • These multilayer systems offer superior perfume retention and surface concentration compared to traditional surfactant monolayers.
  • The findings support the use of such structures in advanced formulation design for improved fragrance performance.