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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

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Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
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Urine Studies I: Urinalysis01:29

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis

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Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...
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Urea Cycle01:23

Urea Cycle

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The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Comparative Excretory Systems02:24

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Animals have evolved different strategies for excretion, the removal of waste from the body. Most waste must be dissolved in water to be excreted, so an animal’s excretory strategy directly affects its water balance.
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Updated: Apr 2, 2026

Quantitative SERS Detection of Uric Acid via Formation of Precise Plasmonic Nanojunctions within Aggregates of Gold Nanoparticles and Cucurbit[n]uril
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Why focus on uric acid?

Richard J Johnson1

  • 1a University of Colorado , Aurora , CO , USA.

Current Medical Research and Opinion
|September 29, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High serum uric acid (SUA) is linked to cardiovascular and kidney disease development. Lowering SUA may reduce risks associated with gout and related metabolic conditions.

Keywords:
Cardiovascular diseaseGoutHyperuricemiaUric acid

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Cardiology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Gout management involves lowering serum uric acid (SUA) to below 6.0 mg/dL to dissolve urate deposits.
  • Hyperuricemia frequently coexists with cardiovascular (CV) risk factors like hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance, fatty liver, and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  • Elevated SUA often precedes hypertension and metabolic syndrome, indicating a potential causal role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on the role of serum uric acid in cardiovascular and renal disease.
  • To explore the molecular mechanisms linking elevated SUA to these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review based on PubMed/Embase database searches.
  • Focus on articles concerning hyperuricemia and its impact on cardiovascular and renal function.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests elevated SUA is a key factor in the development of CV and renal diseases.
  • Molecular mechanisms underlying the causative association between SUA and these conditions are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Serum uric acid plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and renal diseases.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for managing hyperuricemia and associated comorbidities.