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Executive function and weight status in children: A one-year longitudinal perspective.

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Summary

Overweight children showed some executive function (EF) deficits, while underweight children did not differ from normal-weight peers. Both higher Body Mass Index (BMI) and poorer EF predicted changes in each other over time in children.

Keywords:
Hot and cool executive functionLongitudinalMiddle childhoodOverweightUnderweight

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Area of Science:

  • Child Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Obesity is linked to impaired executive function (EF) in adults, but research in children is limited.
  • Little is known about EF in underweight children or the bidirectional relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and EF.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine differences in EF across weight statuses (underweight, normal-weight, overweight) in children.
  • To investigate the longitudinal, cross-lagged associations between EF and BMI in children.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed hot EF (delay of gratification, affective decision-making) and cool EF (attention shifting, inhibition, working memory updating) in 1,657 German elementary students.
  • Measured Body Mass Index (BMI) at two time points, approximately one year apart.

Main Results:

  • Overweight children had poorer attention shifting, working memory updating, and affective decision-making compared to normal-weight children.
  • No significant EF differences were found for underweight children compared to normal-weight children.
  • Poorer attention shifting and enhanced affective decision-making predicted higher BMI; higher BMI predicted poorer attention shifting and working memory updating, though the latter association was weaker when controlling for socioeconomic status.

Conclusions:

  • Both hot and cool executive functions are implicated in children's weight development.
  • EF may be a target for childhood weight management interventions.