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Related Concept Videos

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
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Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...
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Botulinum Toxin Use in Pediatric Plastic Surgery.

Katherine J Fu1, John F Teichgraeber, Matthew R Greives

  • 1From the *Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery and †Division of Pediatric Plastic Surgery, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX.

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Summary

Botulinum toxin is a versatile treatment for various conditions in adults and children. This review explores its expanding use in pediatric plastic surgery for conditions like congenital torticollis and cleft lip.

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Pediatric Medicine
  • Neuromodulation

Background:

  • Botulinum toxin is a widely used treatment for adult conditions like chronic headache and hyperhidrosis.
  • Its efficacy and safety in pediatric populations are increasingly recognized.
  • Established safety profiles and dosage guidelines exist for pediatric use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the applications of botulinum toxin in pediatric plastic surgery.
  • To highlight its role in treating specific pediatric conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on botulinum toxin in pediatric plastic surgery.
  • Analysis of current research on efficacy and safety.

Main Results:

  • Botulinum toxin is effective for treating spasticity and muscular contractions in children.
  • Emerging studies show promise in treating congenital torticollis and cleft lip.
  • Expanded indications are noted across pediatric care.

Conclusions:

  • Botulinum toxin offers a valuable therapeutic option in pediatric plastic surgery.
  • Its use is expanding beyond traditional applications.
  • Further research supports its role in managing congenital and acquired pediatric conditions.