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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

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The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a...
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Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

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The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
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Secretory Phase01:19

Secretory Phase

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The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
Following ovulation, the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone and estrogens. These hormones stimulate the growth and coiling of endometrial...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

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The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

Performing Vaginal Lavage, Crystal Violet Staining, and Vaginal Cytological Evaluation for Mouse Estrous Cycle Staging Identification
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What's Normal? Accurately and Efficiently Assessing Menstrual Function.

Darcie M Takemoto, Meera S Beharry

    Pediatric Annals
    |October 3, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Pediatric providers can assess menstrual function in young women by asking focused questions to address concerns about normal menses. This approach helps dispel myths and anxiety surrounding menstrual health.

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    Area of Science:

    • Pediatric healthcare
    • Adolescent gynecology
    • Women's health

    Background:

    • Many young women lack clarity regarding normal menstrual cycles.
    • Anxiety and myths surrounding menstruation are prevalent.
    • Accurate assessment of menstrual function is crucial for adolescent well-being.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide pediatric providers with tools to assess menstrual function.
    • To differentiate between normal and abnormal menstrual patterns.
    • To offer guidance on improving menstrual history taking in young patients.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of signs and symptoms of normal versus pathologic menses.
    • Development of focused questioning strategies for providers.
    • Guidance on effective menstrual history documentation.

    Main Results:

    • Focused questions enable rapid and accurate assessment of menstrual function.
    • Providers can effectively address patient anxiety and misconceptions.
    • Improved history-taking techniques lead to better patient care.

    Conclusions:

    • Pediatric providers can confidently assess menstrual health with targeted questions.
    • Addressing patient concerns about menses is vital for dispelling myths.
    • Enhanced menstrual history taking improves the diagnosis and management of gynecologic issues.