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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Gut-Brain Axis01:22

Gut-Brain Axis

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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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The use of diuretics in heart failure with congestion - a position statement from the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

Murine Fecal Isolation and Microbiota Transplantation
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Intersections Between Microbiome and Heart Failure: Revisiting the Gut Hypothesis.

Yuji Nagatomo1, W H Wilson Tang2

  • 1Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.

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|October 6, 2015
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Summary

Heart failure (HF) alters gut microbes, potentially worsening inflammation and disease. Targeting these gut microbiota changes may offer new therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular health.

Keywords:
MicrobiomeTMAOheart failure

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Cardiology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Gut microbiota significantly influences human health and disease.
  • Heart failure (HF) induces hemodynamic changes affecting intestinal morphology, permeability, and microbial composition.
  • Intestinal barrier dysfunction in HF can lead to systemic inflammation via microbial translocation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of gut microbiota in heart failure (HF) pathophysiology.
  • To investigate the link between gut microbiota, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), and cardiovascular disease.
  • To identify potential microbiota-targeted interventions for HF.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on gut microbiota and heart failure.
  • Analysis of the impact of hemodynamic changes on gut function.
  • Examination of the role of microbial metabolites like TMAO in cardiovascular disease.

Main Results:

  • Hemodynamic changes in HF alter gut microbiota composition and barrier function.
  • Microbial translocation and metabolites like TMAO contribute to HF progression and systemic inflammation.
  • TMAO serves as a mechanistic link between gut microbiota and cardiovascular diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Gut microbiota dysbiosis is implicated in heart failure pathogenesis.
  • Targeting gut microbiota through diet, prebiotics, probiotics, or enzyme binders shows therapeutic potential.
  • Further research is needed to establish the safety and efficacy of these interventions.