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Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

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Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
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Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

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The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
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Reason and Intuition01:37

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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

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The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
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Heuristics01:21

Heuristics

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Heuristics are problem-solving strategies that use mental shortcuts to simplify decision-making. Unlike algorithms, which must be followed precisely to achieve a correct result, heuristics offer a general problem-solving framework. They save time and energy but can sometimes lead to less rational decisions.
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Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination02:55

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Humans are very diverse and although we share many similarities, we also have many differences. The social groups we belong to help form our identities (Tajfel, 1974). These differences may be difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice is a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group (Allport, 1954; Brown, 2010). Prejudice is common against people who...
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Thinking styles and decision making: A meta-analysis.

Wendy J Phillips1, Jennifer M Fletcher1, Anthony D G Marks1

  • 1School of Behavioural, Cognitive & Social Sciences, University of New England.

Psychological Bulletin
|October 6, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reflective thinking styles slightly improve decision performance and experience, while intuitive thinking styles hinder performance but enhance the experience. These effects vary significantly based on task context and individual differences.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Individual differences in thinking styles, such as reflective and intuitive processing, are proposed to influence decision-making outcomes.
  • Understanding these associations is crucial for optimizing decision performance and subjective experience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To meta-analytically examine the predictive validity of reflective and intuitive thinking styles on decision performance and experience.
  • To investigate moderators, including task characteristics and individual differences, that influence these associations.

Main Methods:

  • A meta-analysis was conducted on 89 samples, pooling data from 17,704 participants.
  • Effect sizes (correlation coefficients) were calculated for the relationship between thinking styles and decision outcomes.
  • Moderation analyses explored the influence of task-theory match, task type, decision experience, time pressure, age, and measure type.

Main Results:

  • Reflection positively predicted decision performance (r = .11) and experience (r = .14).
  • Intuition negatively predicted performance (r = -.09) but positively predicted experience (r = .06).
  • Associations were strongest when tasks aligned with thinking style strengths and were context-dependent, influenced by factors like time pressure and age.

Conclusions:

  • Thinking styles have context-dependent effects on decision-making outcomes.
  • Optimizing decision performance and experience requires considering both individual thinking styles and specific task demands.
  • Decision architects and educators should tailor tasks to leverage or mitigate specific thinking style effects.