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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans
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Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

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Nuclear Reprogramming by Defined Factors: Quantity Versus Quality.

Shulamit Sebban1, Yosef Buganim1

  • 1Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.

Trends in Cell Biology
|October 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and directly converted cells offer regenerative medicine potential. However, current methods yield low-quality cells, raising safety concerns for clinical use.

Keywords:
direct conversionepigeneticsinduced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)nuclear reprogrammingregenerative medicinetransdifferentiation

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Reprogramming Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts with Transcription Factors to Induce a Hemogenic Program
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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Regenerative medicine
  • Cellular reprogramming

Background:

  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and directly converted cells are promising for regenerative medicine.
  • Current production methods, particularly in murine systems, often result in poor-quality cells.
  • Cellular quality is a critical factor for safe and effective therapeutic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on cell quality in the context of clinical applications.
  • To discuss factors influencing reprogramming quality.
  • To explore the link between cell quality, safety, and functionality.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and directly converted cells.
  • Analysis of factors affecting reprogramming efficiency and quality.
  • Examination of data from murine systems and extrapolation to human cells.

Main Results:

  • Duality in the literature regarding the definition and use of 'cell quality' for clinical settings.
  • Evidence suggests safety and functionality are directly correlated with cell quality.
  • Most available data originate from murine models, necessitating further investigation in human systems.

Conclusions:

  • Improving cell quality is essential for the therapeutic application of iPSCs and directly converted cells.
  • Further research is needed to understand and optimize the quality of human cells for regenerative medicine.
  • Bridging the gap between murine and human cell data is crucial for clinical translation.