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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

Analyzing Spatial Learning and Prosocial Behavior in Mice Using the Barnes Maze and Damsel-in-Distress Paradigms

Published on: November 17, 2018

Laterality, sex, and everyday spatial behaviours: an exploratory analysis.

Carol A Lawton¹, Mark Y Czarnolewski², John Eliot³

¹a Department of Psychology , Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne , Fort Wayne , IN , USA.

|October 7, 2015

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study explored spatial behavior difficulties using the Everyday Spatial Behavioral Questionnaire (ESBQ). Findings reveal two core dimensions of spatial difficulty, influenced by sex, laterality, and age.

Keywords:

Spatial behaviours handedness laterality sex differences

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Cognitive Science
Human Factors

Background:

Assessing spatial behavior difficulties is crucial for understanding human spatial competencies.
The Everyday Spatial Behavioral Questionnaire (ESBQ) is a revised self-report measure for evaluating these difficulties.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify principal components and underlying dimensions of perceived spatial competencies.
To investigate the influence of laterality, sex, and age on spatial behavior components.

Main Methods:

Exploratory factor analysis of a 126-item ESBQ.
Canonical analysis to determine underlying dimensions of spatial difficulty.
Examination of laterality (handedness, footedness, earedness), sex, and age as predictors.

Main Results:

12 principal components representing facets of spatial behavior were identified.
Two primary dimensions emerged: difficulty in movement-related spatial relations and difficulty in judging object-environment relations.
Sex, laterality, and age showed differential relationships with these dimensions.

Conclusions:

Spatial competencies are multifaceted, with distinct dimensions of perceived difficulty.
Sex influences movement-related spatial judgments, while laterality and age impact environmental spatial judgments.
Further research is needed to validate ESBQ subscales for practical applications.