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Related Concept Videos

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
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Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways01:29

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Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
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Sensory systems detect stimuli—such as light and sound waves—and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system. In addition to external stimuli detected by the senses, some sensory systems detect internal stimuli—such as the proprioceptors in muscles and tendons that send feedback about limb position.
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Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

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The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
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The Vestibular System01:29

The Vestibular System

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The vestibular system is a set of inner ear structures that provide a sense of balance and spatial orientation. This system is comprised of structures within the labyrinth of the inner ear, including the cochlea and two otolith organs—the utricle and saccule. The labyrinth also contains three semicircular canals—superior, posterior, and horizontal—that are oriented on different planes.
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Related Experiment Video

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Experimental Methods to Study Human Postural Control
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Integrating multiple sensory systems to modulate neural networks controlling posture.

I Lavrov1, Y Gerasimenko2, J Burdick3

  • 1Departments of Integrative Biology and Physiology and Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia; and igor.lavrov@gmail.com.

Journal of Neurophysiology
|October 9, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Spinal cord networks can generate tonic hindlimb muscle responses for standing after injury. Activating specific sensory inputs with epidural stimulation enhances these postural control mechanisms.

Keywords:
locomotionpostural controlspinal cord stimulationspinal cord transectionvibration

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Spinal Cord Injury Research

Background:

  • Complete spinal cord transection in adult rats disrupts descending motor control.
  • Understanding the capacity of the lumbosacral spinal cord to generate postural adjustments is crucial for rehabilitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if spinal neural networks below a complete spinal cord transection can produce tonic responses.
  • To determine if different sensory inputs can activate these tonic reactions.
  • To explore if similar neuronal mechanisms underlie tonic and rhythmic responses facilitated by afferent activation and spinal cord stimulation.

Main Methods:

  • Adult spinal rats were placed on a dynamically controlled platform for weight-bearing.
  • Stimulation methods included platform displacement, epidural stimulation (S1 level), and tail pinching.
  • Postural control responses in hindlimb muscles were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • A combination of platform displacement, epidural stimulation, and tail pinching cumulatively enhanced tonic hindlimb responses.
  • Epidural stimulation alone during standing primarily elicited monosynaptic responses.
  • Combined epidural stimulation and tail pinching, or epidural stimulation during treadmill stepping, facilitated both monosynaptic and polysynaptic responses bilaterally.

Conclusions:

  • Tonic muscle activity post-spinal cord injury can be facilitated by specific combinations of afferent inputs (proprioception, cutaneous) with epidural stimulation.
  • The type of motor response (tonic vs. rhythmic) depends on the combination and type of activated afferents.