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This study reveals precise neuromuscular control of the lower dental arch during biting. The auto-balanced static equilibrium of the mandible (BAL) offers greater muscle symmetry compared to biting in intercuspation (BIC).

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Dental Mechanics

Background:

  • The craniomandibular system's physiological control during biting is complex.
  • Understanding neuromuscular mechanisms is crucial for diagnosing and treating jaw-related disorders.
  • Existing research often focuses on restricted biting conditions, limiting insights into natural jaw function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the physiological control mechanisms of the craniomandibular system during force-controlled biting.
  • To compare neuromuscular control between biting in intercuspation (BIC) and auto-balanced static equilibrium of the mandible (BAL).
  • To determine the precision of neuromuscular control over the lower dental arch position.

Main Methods:

  • Spatial positions of condyles, molars, and incisal point were measured in 20 healthy subjects.
  • Electromyographic (EMG) activity of masseter and temporalis anterior muscles was recorded bilaterally.
  • Force-controlled biting at 50, 75, and 100 N was performed on a hydrostatic device, with results compared to BIC.

Main Results:

  • During BAL, one condyle acts as a virtual fulcrum, utilizing biomechanical degrees of freedom for equal vertical dental arch distance.
  • Molar position variability was significantly lower than condyle variability.
  • EMG co-contraction ratios showed greater symmetry during BAL compared to BIC, though ~25% asymmetry persisted.

Conclusions:

  • The neuromuscular system exhibits precise control over the lower dental arch position during biting.
  • BAL conditions promote greater neuromuscular symmetry than BIC.
  • Findings may inform interference-free tracking of the mandible in various intercuspation scenarios.