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Updated: Apr 1, 2026

Multiplexed Immunofluorescence Analysis and Quantification of Intratumoral PD-1+ Tim-3+ CD8+ T Cells
Published on: February 8, 2018
Innate vs. Adaptive: PD-L1-mediated immune resistance by melanoma
1Department of Oncology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center ; Baltimore, MD USA.
Abstract:
Oncogenic driver mutations in several tumor types promote constitutive PD-L1 expression, a crucial ligand in PD-1-mediated tumor immune escape. Our studies in melanoma suggest a different mechanism-one of "adaptive immune resistance" in which PD-L1 expression is primarily driven by cytokine induction and is independent of BRAF mutational status.
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