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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
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Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding after a blood vessel injury, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system. However, disorders of hemostasis can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to either excessive clotting or bleeding. These disorders can be broadly classified into thromboembolic disorders and bleeding disorders.
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Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia.

Joanne Rimmer, Valerie J Lund

    Rhinology
    |October 14, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an inherited vascular disorder. Management requires specialist care, focusing on epistaxis and other symptoms to improve patient quality of life.

    Area of Science:

    • Vascular Medicine
    • Genetics
    • Clinical Management

    Background:

    • Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant vascular disorder.
    • Characterized by recurrent epistaxis, mucocutaneous telangiectasia, and visceral arteriovenous malformations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To discuss the genetic basis and pathophysiology of HHT.
    • To review diagnostic criteria, clinical course, and current management options for HHT.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of genetic basis and pathophysiology.
    • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and clinical presentation.
    • Review of medical and surgical treatment strategies.

    Main Results:

    • HHT necessitates specialized medical and surgical interventions.

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  • Epistaxis is a primary symptom impacting quality of life.
  • Understanding treatment options is crucial for healthcare providers.

    • Conclusions:

    • HHT management is optimized in specialist centers.
    • Addressing epistaxis is key to improving patient outcomes.
    • Otorhinolaryngologists play a vital role in HHT patient care.