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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
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Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

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Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2,...
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Nociception01:44

Nociception

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Pain01:20

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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 1, 2026

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
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Opioid Induced Hyperalgesia.

Peter Yi1, Peter Pryzbylkowski1

  • 1Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.)
|October 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Opioid induced hyperalgesia (OIH) is a growing concern with increased opioid use for chronic pain. Further research is needed to understand and manage this complex condition.

Keywords:
OpioidOpioid Induced Hyperalgesia

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Area of Science:

  • Pain Management
  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) is a paradoxical increase in pain sensitivity caused by opioid administration.
  • The prevalence of OIH is significant, particularly with long-term opioid therapy for chronic nonmalignant pain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH).
  • To investigate available data and clinical recommendations for managing OIH.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted on opioid-induced hyperalgesia.
  • Relevant studies and reviews were included for analysis.

Main Results:

  • The review discusses the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and clinical management of OIH.
  • Updated data and literature references are presented.

Conclusions:

  • OIH is an increasingly relevant issue due to widespread opioid prescribing.
  • Further research is essential to elucidate OIH mechanisms and improve patient care.