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Is My Mouse Pregnant? High-Frequency Ultrasound Assessment
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Imaging Pregnant and Lactating Patients.

Nikki Tirada1, David Dreizin1, Nadia J Khati1

  • 1From the Department of Radiology, George Washington University Hospital, 900 23rd St NW, Washington, DC 20037 (N.T., N.J.K., E.A.A., R.K.Z.); and Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland Medical Center and R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, Md (D.D).

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Summary

Imaging during pregnancy offers benefits that outweigh risks when used appropriately. This review clarifies radiation safety, risks to mother and fetus, and contrast agent use for pregnant and lactating patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology and Imaging
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Radiation Safety

Background:

  • Increasing use of medical imaging in pregnant and lactating patients.
  • Prevalence of misperceptions regarding radiation and safety risks.
  • Unwarranted concerns among patients and clinicians about imaging safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review appropriateness and safety of imaging in pregnant and lactating patients.
  • To detail radiation doses, risks, and contrast agent use.
  • To provide guidance on risk-benefit assessment and modality selection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on radiation safety in pregnancy.
  • Analysis of estimated radiation doses for various imaging modalities (radiography, CT, nuclear scintigraphy, interventional radiology).
  • Evaluation of risks to mother and conceptus at different gestational ages.

Main Results:

  • Benefits of appropriately used radiologic examinations generally outweigh risks.
  • Fetal risks (spontaneous abortion, teratogenesis, carcinogenesis) depend on gestational age and modality.
  • Maternal risk assessment must consider potential consequences of missed diagnoses (e.g., pulmonary embolism).

Conclusions:

  • Non-ionizing radiation modalities (e.g., MRI) are preferred when feasible and medically indicated.
  • Radiologists must minimize radiation exposure, counsel patients effectively, and promote realistic risk understanding.
  • Balancing diagnostic benefits against potential maternal and fetal risks is crucial for informed decision-making.