Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Continuous-wave Thulium Laser for Heating Cultured Cells to Investigate Cellular Thermal Effects
Published on: June 30, 2017
Wei Qu1, Wei Bai2, Yu-hong Liang3
1Department of Cariology and Endodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China.
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Continuous-wave plugger temperatures often fall below the set 200°C, with significant heat loss along the plugger. This impacts thermal damage assessments for dental filling materials.
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