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Computed Tomography01:10

Computed Tomography

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Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy (SRFM) provides a better resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy by reducing the point spread function (PSF). PSF is the light intensity distribution from a point that causes it to appear blurred. Due to PSF, each fluorescing point appears bigger than its actual size, and it is the PSF interference of nearby fluorophores that causes the blurred image. Various approaches to achieving higher resolution through SRFM have recently been...
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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
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Optical microscopy uses optic principles to provide detailed images of samples. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek designed the first compound optical microscope in the 17th century to visualize blood cells, bacteria, and yeast cells. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes with enhanced magnification and resolution.
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In-phase-contrast microscopes, interference between light directly passing through a cell and light refracted by cellular components is used to create high-contrast, high-resolution images without staining. It is the oldest and simplest type of microscope that creates an image by altering the wavelengths of light rays passing through the specimen. Altered wavelength paths are created using an annular stop in the condenser. The annular stop produces a hollow cone of...
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High-resolution extended source optical coherence tomography.

Xiaojun Yu, Xinyu Liu, Si Chen

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a novel high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) system using a spectrally encoded extended source (SEES) technique. The new system enhances imaging sensitivity and penetration depth without compromising resolution, crucial for disease diagnosis.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Optics
    • Medical Imaging
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • High-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) is vital for diagnosing diseases by visualizing tissue microstructures.
    • OCT sensitivity is often limited by system components not operating at their optimal center wavelengths.
    • Degraded sensitivity and resolution hinder the diagnostic capabilities of conventional OCT systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and demonstrate a novel high-resolution extended source (HRES) OCT system with enhanced sensitivity.
    • To validate the spectrally encoded extended source (SEES) technique for improving OCT performance.
    • To achieve deeper tissue penetration and better diagnostic imaging without sacrificing axial resolution.

    Main Methods:

    • Implementation of a spectrally encoded extended source (SEES) technique using a dispersive prism in the sample arm optics.
    • Development of system calibration and dispersion correction methods to manage unbalanced dispersion.
    • Numerical simulations to predict sensitivity advantage and experimental validation comparing HRES-OCT with point-source OCT.

    Main Results:

    • The HRES-OCT system achieved a transverse resolution of 4.4 µm and axial resolution of 2.1 µm.
    • A theoretical sensitivity advantage of 6-dB was demonstrated over point-source OCT.
    • Experimental results showed ~4 times larger maximum permissible exposure (MPE), leading to ~6 dB sensitivity enhancement.
    • In vivo and ex vivo imaging demonstrated significantly larger penetration depth compared to conventional OCT.

    Conclusions:

    • The SEES technique effectively enhances OCT sensitivity and penetration depth without degrading axial resolution.
    • The developed HRES-OCT system offers improved performance for detailed tissue microstructure imaging.
    • This advancement holds significant potential for more accurate and comprehensive disease diagnosis through enhanced OCT imaging.