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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

3.9K
Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

6.0K
The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct...
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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...
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Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla

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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...
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Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:30

Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

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Adrenergic agonists have diverse therapeutic uses across various medical conditions and emergencies.
Emergency and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) applications: Pressor agents increase blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility in shock and organ failure situations. Dopamine can induce vasodilation and stimulate adrenoceptors. Endogenous catecholamines are effective in treating cardiogenic shock. α2-agonists like clonidine can reverse anesthesia-induced hypertension.
Allergies and...
2.2K
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 31, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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[Adrenal incidentaloma].

Jan Čáp, Filip Gabalec

    Vnitrni Lekarstvi
    |October 22, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Adrenal incidentalomas are common incidental findings. Work-up focuses on ruling out malignancy with imaging and hormonal evaluation to detect subclinical hypercortisolism, guiding further management.

    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Radiology
    • Oncology

    Background:

    • Adrenal incidentalomas are adrenal masses found incidentally during imaging for unrelated conditions.
    • Their prevalence increases with age and the widespread use of advanced imaging techniques.
    • Initial evaluation is crucial to exclude malignancy and hormonal dysfunction.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To outline the diagnostic work-up for adrenal incidentalomas.
    • To discuss the role of imaging modalities like CT, MRI, and PET-CT.
    • To highlight the importance of hormonal evaluation for subclinical hypercortisolism.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current diagnostic guidelines and literature.
    • Discussion of imaging techniques including CT, MRI, and FDG-PET-CT.

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    Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands
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  • Emphasis on hormonal testing such as the Dexamethasone Suppression Test.

    • Main Results:

    • FDG-PET-CT shows high sensitivity (97%) and specificity (91%) for malignancy.
    • Hormonal evaluation, particularly the Dexamethasone Suppression Test, is key for subclinical hypercortisolism.
    • Selective biochemical testing (aldosterone, renin, catecholamines) is recommended based on specific clinical features.

    Conclusions:

    • Comprehensive evaluation of adrenal incidentalomas involves both imaging and hormonal assessment.
    • Malignancy and subclinical hypercortisolism are primary concerns.
    • Follow-up strategies should be individualized, questioning the need for routine biochemical monitoring.