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Related Concept Videos

Proteoglycans01:05

Proteoglycans

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Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
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Protein Glycosylation01:25

Protein Glycosylation

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Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...
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Glycosaminoglycans01:23

Glycosaminoglycans

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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
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Hyaluronic...
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Oligosaccharide Assembly01:24

Oligosaccharide Assembly

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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...
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Matrix Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins01:21

Matrix Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins

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Proteoglycans are extensively glycosylated proteins, commonly found in the extracellular matrix, interwoven with collagen fibers. Hyaline cartilage, the most common type of cartilage in the body, consists of short and dispersed collagen fibers associated with large amounts of proteoglycans. These proteoglycans have long negative charges that attract cations, which in turn attract water molecules. This influx of ions and water molecules swells up the proteoglycan like a water-soaked gel that can...
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Cadherins in Tissue Organization01:19

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The cadherins are a superfamily of cell adhesion molecules comprising over 180 variants, with specific tissues expressing a particular combination of cadherin types. Cadherins generally exhibit homophilic binding; i.e., cadherins on one cell bind to cadherins of the same or closely related type on another cell. Thus, cells of the same type have a specific affinity to bind to each other and sort themselves into clusters to form tissues.
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Detection of Glycosaminoglycans by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Silver Staining
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Heparan sulfate proteoglycans: a sugar code for vertebrate development?

Fabienne E Poulain1, H Joseph Yost2

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|October 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are crucial for cell signaling and development in vertebrates. This study explores their diverse roles in early development, proposing a

Keywords:
GlycanHeartLeft/right asymmetryNervous systemPatterningSugars

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are involved in cell-cell signaling and matrix interactions.
  • Their roles in vertebrate development are increasingly recognized, particularly in left-right patterning, cardiovascular, and neural development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of HSPG functions in early vertebrate development.
  • To explore the concept of a heparan sulfate sugar code in modulating these processes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of recent studies on HSPGs in vertebrate development.
  • Analysis of genetic and functional data related to HSPG core proteins and biosynthetic enzymes.

Main Results:

  • HSPGs play significant roles in left-right patterning, cardiovascular, and neural development in vertebrates.
  • Evidence suggests a "heparan sulfate sugar code" influences developmental processes.

Conclusions:

  • HSPGs are essential mediators of critical developmental events in vertebrates.
  • Understanding the heparan sulfate sugar code offers new insights into developmental regulation.