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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
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Nuclear Export01:42

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The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
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Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Nuclear Localization Signals and Import01:46

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Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry short stretches of amino acid sequences called the nuclear localization signal or NLS. Classical nuclear localization signals are of two types: monopartite and bipartite NLS. Monopartite classical NLS (cNLS) consists of a single cluster of 4-8 amino acids. Bipartite cNLS consists of two clusters of  2-3 amino acids and a 9-12 residue long proline-rich linker bridging the two clusters. Signal clusters are rich in positively charged amino acids such as...
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
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Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport
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Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport

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Nuclear Pore Complex: From Structural View to Chemical Tools.

Richard W Wong1

  • 1Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Innovative Integrated Bio-Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Bio-AFM Frontier Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Laboratory of molecular cell biology, School of Natural System, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.

Chemistry & Biology
|October 27, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) control transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Understanding NPC architecture can aid in designing synthetic devices and improving nuclear drug delivery strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are essential gateways regulating transport between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
  • NPCs are large, intricate protein structures crucial for cellular function.
  • The complexity of NPCs presents challenges and opportunities in biological research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding NPC architectures.
  • To explore potential applications of NPC structural knowledge in synthetic biology.
  • To discuss improvements for nuclear drug delivery strategies based on NPC insights.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent findings on NPC structures.
  • Analysis of NPC architecture and function.
  • Conceptual discussion on chemical biology applications.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies have revealed intricate details of NPC architectures.
  • Knowledge of NPC structure can inform the design of novel synthetic devices.
  • Improved strategies for nuclear drug delivery can be developed.

Conclusions:

  • Continued research into NPC architecture offers significant potential for technological innovation.
  • Understanding NPCs is key to advancing fields like synthetic biology and targeted drug delivery.