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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle

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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 31, 2026

Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus
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Dissecting Host-virus Interaction in Lytic Replication of a Model Herpesvirus

Published on: October 7, 2011

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An Odyssey to Viral Pathogenesis.

Michael B A Oldstone1

  • 1Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037;

Annual Review of Pathology
|October 31, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This personal scientific journey highlights a transition from medicine to a research focus on virology and immunology. Key experiences shaped a career dedicated to understanding disease mechanisms through scientific inquiry.

Area of Science:

  • Virology and Immunology
  • Biochemistry
  • Immunopathology

Background:

  • Early influences from literature and foundational science education at the University of Alabama.
  • Medical school at the University of Maryland exposed the author to key mentors in medicine, virology, and microbiology.
  • A pivotal decision to leave medical school for a PhD in biochemistry to pursue fundamental biological questions.

Discussion:

  • The author's research trajectory was significantly influenced by mentors like Theodore Woodward, Sheldon Greisman, Charles Weissmann, Joe Smadel, Carleton Gajdusek, and John Enders.
  • Postdoctoral training under Frank Dixon, a pioneer in modern immunology and immunopathology, was crucial.
  • Collaboration with peers such as Bernie Fields and Abner Notkins played a vital role in establishing viral pathogenesis as a discipline.
Keywords:
Autobiographyautoimmunityimmune complexesimmunopathologypersistent infection

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Key Insights:

  • The formative experiences and mentorships were instrumental in shaping a scientific career focused on the fundamental mechanisms of disease.
  • The transition from clinical medicine to basic science research provided a deeper understanding of biological and medical questions.
  • The establishment of viral pathogenesis as a distinct scientific discipline was facilitated by key collaborations and training.

Outlook:

  • The narrative underscores the importance of mentorship and collaboration in scientific advancement.
  • It highlights the value of pursuing fundamental research questions to advance medical understanding.
  • The journey illustrates the evolution of scientific disciplines through dedicated research and interdisciplinary connections.