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Related Concept Videos

Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Humoral Immune Responses01:36

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Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Related Experiment Video

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Analysis of Somatic Hypermutation in the JH4 intron of Germinal Center B cells from Mouse Peyer's Patches
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High affinity IgM(+) memory B cells are generated through a germinal center-dependent pathway.

Yasushi Hara1, Yasuyuki Tashiro2, Akikazu Murakami1

  • 1Laboratory for Structural Immunology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.

Molecular Immunology
|October 31, 2015
PubMed
Summary

High-affinity memory B cells, including those expressing IgM, are generated through somatic hypermutation (SHM) within germinal centers (GCs). This process continues even after class-switch recombination (CSR) is completed.

Keywords:
Affinity maturationClass switch recombinationGerminal center reactionIgMSomatic hypermutation

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • B cells are crucial for adaptive immunity, undergoing selection, isotype switching, and somatic hypermutation (SHM) during T cell-dependent responses.
  • The generation of high-affinity memory B cells, particularly IgM+ memory B cells, remains an area of active investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether somatically mutated IgM+ memory B cells generated during an immune response are indeed high-affinity B cells.
  • To elucidate the temporal relationship between SHM, class-switch recombination (CSR), and memory B cell generation.

Main Methods:

  • Tracking of (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) acetyl hapten-specific germinal center (GC) B cells in immunized mice.
  • Analysis of B cell receptor (BCR) sequences to assess affinity and SHM.
  • Monitoring of B cell populations for IgM and IgG expression, and class-switch recombination (CSR).

Main Results:

  • Somatic hypermutation (SHM) was detected by day 7 post-immunization and increased over time.
  • High-affinity IgM+ and IgG+ memory B cells were continuously generated up to day 42.
  • Class-switch recombination (CSR) was largely completed by day 7, with a stable ratio of IgG1+/IgM+ GC B cells thereafter.

Conclusions:

  • Germinal center (GC) B cells undergo SHM to generate high-affinity IgM+ memory cells.
  • This affinity maturation process via SHM can occur independently and continue after class-switch recombination (CSR).
  • Findings challenge the notion that only IgG+ B cells can achieve high affinity through SHM.