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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects01:25

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A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...
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X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Structural flexibility in crystallized matter: from history to applications.

Gérard Férey1

  • 1Académie des Sciences & Institut Lavoisier, Université de Versailles, 45, Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles Cedex, France. gferey@gmail.com.

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Summary

Hybrid crystallized matter exhibits significant reversible flexibility, a recent discovery. This article explores structural factors, interaction energies, physical properties, and industrial applications of these adaptable materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Crystallography
  • Chemistry

Background:

  • The phenomenon of large reversible flexibility in hybrid crystalline matter is a recent scientific breakthrough.
  • Understanding the fundamental principles governing this adaptability is crucial for material design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical discovery of flexible hybrid crystalline matter.
  • To analyze key parameters influencing the reversible flexibility of these materials.
  • To discuss their physical properties and industrial applications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of existing research on hybrid crystalline matter.
  • Examination of structural characteristics (inorganic and organic components).
  • Analysis of guest-guest and host-guest interaction energies.

Main Results:

  • Flexibility is influenced by the structural features of both inorganic and organic framework components.
  • Guest-guest and host-guest interaction energies play a significant role in controlling flexibility.
  • These flexible solids possess diverse physical properties.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a comprehensive overview of flexible hybrid crystalline matter.
  • It highlights the factors governing their unique properties and potential uses.
  • Recent industrial applications demonstrate the practical relevance of this field.