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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Visual System01:26

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Author Spotlight: Deciphering Neural Circuit Formation from Two-Photon Microscopy and Single Neuron Imaging
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Mapping the mosaic sequence of primate visual cortical development.

Inaki-Carril Mundinano1, William Chin Kwan1, James A Bourne1

  • 1Bourne Group, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
|November 6, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Visual cortex development in marmoset monkeys shows areas V1 and middle temporal area (MT) emerge first, challenging traditional hierarchical models. Dorsal stream areas develop earlier than ventral stream areas, likely for early visual behaviors.

Keywords:
cortexdevelopmentinterneuronmarmosetmaturationvisual streams

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Primate Visual System Research

Background:

  • Traditional theories propose visual cortical development proceeds hierarchically from V1.
  • Recent evidence suggests extrastriate area emergence is non-hierarchical.
  • The precise developmental sequence of extrastriate areas remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental and maturation sequence of the visual cortex in marmoset monkeys.
  • To determine the emergence order of visual areas and their relation to dorsal and ventral streams.
  • To explore potential drivers for differential stream development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized marmoset monkeys from embryonic day 130 to adulthood.
  • Employed immunohistochemistry for calcium-binding proteins (calbindin, parvalbumin) and neurofilament expression.
  • Mapped the developmental sequence of visual cortical areas based on protein expression patterns.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that both V1 and the middle temporal area (MT) emerge concurrently as the earliest visual areas.
  • Indicated that MT supports dorsal stream development, while V1 supports ventral stream development.
  • Revealed significantly earlier emergence of dorsal stream-associated areas compared to ventral stream areas.

Conclusions:

  • The visual cortex develops in a non-hierarchical manner, with V1 and MT emerging simultaneously.
  • Differential timing in visual stream development (dorsal preceding ventral) is evident.
  • This temporal difference may be driven by evolutionary pressures for specific early-life visual behaviors.