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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Exocytosis00:50

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Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
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Purification of High Yield Extracellular Vesicle Preparations Away from Virus
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Extracellular vesicles from infected cells: potential for direct pathogenesis.

Angela Schwab1, Shabana S Meyering2, Ben Lepene3

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, VA, USA.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|November 6, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), or exosomes, are released during infections and can spread pathogens and alter host cell gene expression. These vesicles offer potential for early diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines against infectious diseases.

Keywords:
bacteriaexosomeextracellular vesicleparasitepathogenprotozoavirus

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Area of Science:

  • Biodefense and infectious disease research.
  • Cellular biology and molecular mechanisms of infection.

Background:

  • Lethal biological agent infections necessitate preparedness and early diagnostic strategies.
  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are implicated in intercellular communication and disease pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of exosomes in various infections and their potential exploitation for biodefense.
  • To explore exosomes as diagnostic markers, therapeutic agents, and vaccine sources.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on exosome biogenesis, content, and function in infection.
  • Analysis of how viral, bacterial, protozoan, and fungal infections utilize the exosomal pathway.
  • Examination of exosome-mediated transfer of pathogen material, RNA, and cytokines.

Main Results:

  • Infected cells release exosomes containing viral/cellular components, facilitating latent infection and miRNA spread.
  • Bacterial, protozoan, and fungal vesicles carry pathogen-associated molecular patterns, influencing uninfected cells.
  • Exosomes reprogram recipient cells via pathways like Toll-like receptor and NFκB, affecting gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • Exosomes are key mediators in the spread of infectious material and disease pathology.
  • Exploiting exosomal pathways offers novel strategies for biodefense, including diagnostics and therapeutics.
  • Further research into exosome function can lead to innovative vaccine development.