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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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CRISPR01:59

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Construction of Homozygous Mutants of Migratory Locust Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology
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CRISPR sabotage.

John van der Oost1, Stan J J Brouns2

  • 1Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein, 6703, HB, Wageningen, The Netherlands. john.vanderoost@wur.nl.

Genome Biology
|November 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The CRISPR-Cas system shows co-evolution between host anti-viral defenses and viral counter-defenses. Researchers recently identified viral anti-CRISPR proteins, highlighting this biological arms race.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Biological systems engage in co-evolutionary "arms races" between hosts and parasites.
  • The CRISPR-Cas system is a prokaryotic adaptive immune system that defends against foreign genetic elements.
  • Viral parasites evolve mechanisms to evade host immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the co-evolutionary dynamics within the CRISPR-Cas system.
  • To characterize viral factors that antagonize CRISPR-Cas activity.
  • To provide evidence for the ongoing biological arms race at the molecular level.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of viral anti-CRISPR proteins.
  • Analysis of molecular interactions between viral proteins and CRISPR-Cas components.
  • Experimental validation of anti-CRISPR mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Identification and functional characterization of a suite of viral anti-CRISPR proteins.
  • Demonstration that these proteins effectively inhibit CRISPR-Cas surveillance and interference.
  • Evidence supporting the role of anti-CRISPR proteins in viral evasion strategies.

Conclusions:

  • The discovery of anti-CRISPR proteins confirms the dynamic co-evolutionary relationship between prokaryotic hosts and their viral predators.
  • These findings deepen our understanding of microbial immune system evolution and viral pathogenesis.
  • Anti-CRISPR proteins represent a novel class of molecular effectors with implications for biotechnology and antiviral research.