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Related Concept Videos

Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

138
Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
138

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Extrapyramidal system neurotoxicity: animal models.

David Dorman1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|November 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Toxicants affecting the extrapyramidal system cause motor control issues. Animal models help understand these neurotoxic effects and their parallels in human diseases like Parkinson's.

Keywords:
Parkinson's diseaseanimal modelsneuropathologyneurotoxicityparkinsonism

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Toxicology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • The extrapyramidal system controls involuntary motor functions.
  • Dysfunction of this system, particularly the basal ganglia, leads to motor impairments.
  • Recognized human conditions include Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, dystonia, dyskinesia, and tremors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the anatomy of the extrapyramidal system.
  • To discuss animal models of extrapyramidal system dysfunction.
  • To explore toxicants and spontaneous conditions affecting this system.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on the extrapyramidal system.
  • Discussion of experimental and naturally occurring animal models.
  • Analysis of toxicants such as MPTP, manganese, and others.
  • Examination of yellowstar thistle poisoning in horses as a spontaneous model.

Main Results:

  • Animal models are crucial for understanding the pathogenesis of extrapyramidal syndromes.
  • Toxicants like MPTP and manganese induce parkinsonian-like symptoms in animals.
  • Yellowstar thistle poisoning provides a natural model for equine parkinsonism.
  • Concordance in clinical signs, neurochemistry, and neuropathology is observed between animal models and human conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Animal models offer valuable insights into human extrapyramidal system disorders.
  • Studying these models aids in understanding neurotoxicity and disease mechanisms.
  • Comparative analysis between animal and human conditions is essential for translational research.