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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
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Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

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The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Approaches to managing ototoxicity in the workplace.

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The adaptation of noise-induced temporary hearing threshold shift predictive models for modelling the public health policy.

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A comparison of head movements tests in force plate and accelerometer based posturography in patients with balance problems due to vestibular dysfunction.

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[An assessment of exposure to noise and temporary changes in hearing related to working as a fitness instructor].

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery
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Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery

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Hearing.

Mariola Sliwinska-Kowalska1

  • 1Department of Audiology and Phoniatrics, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|November 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Workplace noise is a primary hearing hazard. Organic solvents and heavy metals can worsen occupational hearing loss, especially when combined with noise exposure, increasing cochlear vulnerability.

Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health
  • Audiology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Workplace noise is a significant risk factor for hearing loss.
  • Exposure to organic solvents and heavy metals can exacerbate occupational hearing loss.
  • Chemicals may affect both peripheral and central auditory pathways, unlike noise which primarily damages the cochlea.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the risks of occupational hearing loss from noise and chemical co-exposure.
  • To highlight the synergistic effects of noise and chemical agents on hearing.
  • To recommend updated hearing prevention strategies in the workplace.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) and ototoxicity.
  • Analysis of audiometric data and auditory pathway damage from combined exposures.
Keywords:
asphyxiantshearing lossheavy metalsnoiseorganic solventsprevention

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  • Examination of European Directive 2003/10/EC regarding noise exposure limits.

    • Main Results:

    • Noise-induced hearing loss typically presents as bilateral, high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss.
    • Chemicals increase cochlear susceptibility to noise damage, particularly at lower noise levels.
    • Speech intelligibility can be impaired by chemicals even without significant audiometric shifts.

    Conclusions:

    • Combined exposure to noise and ototoxic chemicals poses a greater risk to hearing than noise alone.
    • Hearing prevention programs should consider the impact of chemicals, not just noise levels.
    • Speech audiometry, especially speech-in-noise tests, is crucial for comprehensive hearing surveillance.