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Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
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Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails01:05

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

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Nails are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are hard, protective structures that cover the dorsal surface of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes. Nails are composed of specialized keratinized cells and serve various functions, including protection, sensation, and manual dexterity.
The main components of a nail include the following.
Nail Plate: The nail plate is the visible portion of the nail that extends beyond the fingertips or toes. It is a hard, translucent...
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Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
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Reticular Dermis01:15

Reticular Dermis

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The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
Underlying the papillary layer is the much thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular connective...
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Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Laser Microdissection-Based Protocol for the LC-MS/MS Analysis of the Proteomic Profile of Neuromelanin Granules
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Neurocutaneous melanosis.

Monica P Islam1

  • 1Department of Child Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|November 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Neurocutaneous melanosis, a rare condition linked to large congenital nevi, poses a high mortality risk due to central nervous system melanosis. Early diagnosis via MRI is crucial for managing neurological symptoms like seizures and hydrocephalus.

Keywords:
Neurocutaneous melanosis (NCM)bathing trunk nevuscape nevuscentral nervous system (CNS) melanomalarge cutaneous melanocytic nevus (LCMN)melanocytosisneural crest migrationspinal arachnoid cyst

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Cutaneous Surgical Denervation: A Method for Testing the Requirement for Nerves in Mouse Models of Skin Disease
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Area of Science:

  • Neurocutaneous disorders
  • Pediatric neurology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Neurocutaneous melanosis is a rare syndrome with high early mortality.
  • Associated with large cutaneous melanocytic nevi (LCMN), particularly posterior, midline, and with satellite lesions.
  • Pathogenesis involves disrupted melanocytic precursor production and migration from neural crest cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the key features, risks, and diagnostic approaches for neurocutaneous melanosis.
  • To highlight the primary sources of morbidity and mortality in affected infants.
  • To discuss the diagnostic utility of brain MRI in early detection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on neurocutaneous melanosis.
  • Analysis of clinical manifestations, particularly neurological symptoms.
  • Evaluation of diagnostic imaging techniques, focusing on MRI.

Main Results:

  • High mortality rate, often within 3 years of neurologic symptom onset.
  • Central nervous system melanosis, not cutaneous melanoma, is the main cause of death.
  • Neurologic manifestations include seizures and hydrocephalus, common in early childhood.
  • Brain MRI is sensitive for detecting leptomeningeal, cerebellar, and anterior temporal lobe melanosis in infants.

Conclusions:

  • Neurocutaneous melanosis is a severe condition requiring early recognition.
  • Brain MRI is essential for diagnosing CNS involvement in at-risk infants.
  • Prognosis is poor, influencing treatment decisions.