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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 30, 2026

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in Free Moving Rodents
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Individual Differences in Premotor Brain Systems Underlie Behavioral Apathy.

Valerie Bonnelle1, Sanjay Manohar1,2, Tim Behrens3,4

  • 1Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|November 14, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Behavioral apathy, a lack of motivation, is linked to how the brain processes effort and action. Inefficient communication between brain areas may increase the perceived cost of starting tasks for apathetic individuals.

Keywords:
action initiationanterior cingulate cortexcingulum bundlemotivationsupplementary motor area

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Behavioral apathy, characterized by reduced engagement and initiative, presents significant personal and economic challenges.
  • Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of motivation and action initiation is crucial for addressing apathy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the biological basis of behavioral apathy using an effort-based decision-making paradigm and neuroimaging.
  • To explore the roles of motivation and action processing systems in the manifestation of apathy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel effort and reward-based decision-making task.
  • Employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI).
  • Analyzed neural activity and structural/functional brain connectivity.

Main Results:

  • Behavioral apathy correlated with heightened sensitivity to effort and increased activation in motor control areas (supplementary motor area [SMA] and cingulate motor zones).
  • Reduced structural and functional connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and SMA was observed in apathetic individuals.
  • These neural differences were associated with the degree of behavioral apathy.

Conclusions:

  • Effort sensitivity and the efficiency of translating intentions into actions are critical factors in behavioral apathy.
  • A proposed mechanism involves inefficient ACC-SMA communication, leading to increased perceived effort for action initiation in apathy.