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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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Thyroid Gland Malignancies.

Maria E Cabanillas1, Ramona Dadu1, Mimi I Hu1

  • 1Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1461, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America
|November 17, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Surgery is key for differentiated (DTC) and medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). Systemic therapies are emerging for advanced cases, while anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) urgently needs new treatments.

Keywords:
AnaplasticCabozantinibDifferentiatedLenvatinibMedullarySorafenibThyroid cancerVandetanib

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Differentiated (DTC) and medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) are primarily treated with surgery and radioactive iodine (RAI).
  • Systemic therapy is reserved for advanced or refractory DTC and MTC.
  • Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is aggressive with limited treatment options.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging systemic therapies for DTC and MTC.
  • To highlight the challenges and future directions in ATC treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of approved systemic therapies for DTC and MTC.
  • Discussion of current treatment standards for ATC.

Main Results:

  • Four systemic therapies (sorafenib, lenvatinib, vandetanib, cabozantinib) are FDA-approved for DTC and MTC.
  • External beam radiation remains the primary treatment for ATC.

Conclusions:

  • While surgery and RAI are mainstays for DTC/MTC, systemic therapies offer new hope for advanced disease.
  • ATC requires urgent development of novel therapeutic strategies through global collaboration.