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Updated: Mar 30, 2026
Treatment of Facial Deformities using 3D Planning and Printing of Patient-Specific Implants
Published on: May 23, 2020
Algorithm for planning a double-jaw orthognathic surgery using a computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS) protocol.
J J Xia1, J Gateno2, J F Teichgraeber3
1Surgical Planning Laboratory, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, NY, USA.
Abstract:
Three-dimensional (3D) cephalometry is not as simple as just adding a 'third' dimension to a traditional two-dimensional cephalometric analysis. There are more complex issues in 3D analysis. These include how reference frames are created, how size, position, orientation and shape are measured, and how symmetry is assessed. The main purpose of this article is to present the geometric principles of 3D cephalometry. In addition, the Gateno-Xia cephalometric analysis is presented; this is the first 3D cephalometric analysis to observe these principles.
