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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
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Hepatitis B virus burden in developing countries.

Rosa Zampino1, Adriana Boemio1, Caterina Sagnelli1

  • 1Rosa Zampino, Adriana Boemio, Luigi Elio Adinolfi, Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic, and Geriatric Sciences, Second University of Naples, 80135 Naples, Italy.

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Summary

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination programs have reduced infection rates in many nations. However, HBV remains a significant public health challenge in low-income countries lacking widespread vaccination, especially in rural areas.

Keywords:
Chronic hepatitisDeveloping countriesHepatitis B virusMolecular epidemiologyPrevention

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been endemic in low-income countries for decades.
  • Universal HBV vaccination programs initiated in the 1990s have decreased acute infections and chronic carrier prevalence in some regions.
  • However, implementation challenges persist, particularly in hyperendemic rural areas of low-income nations, where HBV diffusion remains substantial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the ongoing burden of HBV infection in low-income countries.
  • To emphasize the need for continued prevention and management strategies, especially in underserved regions.
  • To underscore the importance of molecular and phylogenetic studies for understanding HBV epidemiology and migration impacts.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on HBV prevalence and incidence.
  • Analysis of the impact of universal vaccination programs.
  • Inclusion of findings from molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic studies.

Main Results:

  • Significant decrease in acute hepatitis B and chronic HBV carriers in countries with established vaccination programs.
  • Continued high prevalence and endemicity in low-income countries with limited vaccination coverage.
  • Scarcity of epidemiological data from Eastern European and Latin American regions.
  • Molecular and phylogenetic studies offer insights into HBV transmission dynamics and historical population movements.

Conclusions:

  • Despite vaccination successes, HBV remains a major global health concern, particularly in resource-limited settings.
  • Targeted interventions and improved data collection are crucial for controlling HBV in endemic areas.
  • Understanding HBV molecular epidemiology aids in tailoring public health strategies and addressing migration-related transmission.