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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
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Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity01:25

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Drugs exert their therapeutic effects by interacting with receptors, enzymes, or ion channels that are present throughout the human body. The strength and duration of the interaction between a drug and its target receptor are characterized by the selectivity and specificity of the drug. Selectivity refers to a drug's strong preference for its intended target over other targets. For instance, isoprenaline, a non-selective β-adrenergic agonist, interacts with both β1- and...
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Overview
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Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry
14:29

Examination of Thymic Positive and Negative Selection by Flow Cytometry

Published on: October 8, 2012

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Not-So-Negative Selection.

Mark M Davis1

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Immunity
|November 21, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Central tolerance, crucial for preventing autoimmune diseases, relies on eliminating self-reactive T cells in the thymus. Recent research indicates that thymic negative selection isn't the sole mechanism for maintaining this tolerance.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 29, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • T cell biology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Central tolerance prevents autoimmune diseases by eliminating self-reactive T cells.
  • Thymic negative selection was considered the primary mechanism for central tolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of central tolerance beyond thymic negative selection.
  • To re-evaluate the role of thymic negative selection in maintaining self-tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent immunological studies.
  • Analysis of T cell development and selection processes.
  • Comparative study of tolerance mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests thymic negative selection is not the exclusive pathway for central tolerance.
  • Alternative or complementary mechanisms contribute to self-specific T cell elimination or inactivation.

Conclusions:

  • The understanding of central tolerance requires revision.
  • Multiple pathways likely ensure the prevention of autoimmunity.