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Related Concept Videos

Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into ...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Isolation of Whole Cell Protein Lysates from Mouse Facial Processes and Cultured Palatal Mesenchyme Cells for Phosphoprotein Analysis
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Isolation of Whole Cell Protein Lysates from Mouse Facial Processes and Cultured Palatal Mesenchyme Cells for Phosphoprotein Analysis

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Craniofacial Muscle Development.

Inbal Michailovici1, Tamar Eigler1, Eldad Tzahor1

  • 1Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.

Current Topics in Developmental Biology
|November 22, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Head muscle development differs from trunk muscles, originating from unique embryonic tissues and regulated by specific genetic pathways. Research highlights the evolutionarily conserved cardiopharyngeal field

Keywords:
Cardiopharyngeal progenitor cellsDevelopmentERKFGFHead musclesMuscleMyogenesisPharyngeal mesodermRegenerationSatellite cells

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Evolutionary developmental biology
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Head muscle development mechanisms are distinct from trunk muscles.
  • Head and neck muscles originate from diverse embryonic mesoderm populations.
  • The pharyngeal mesoderm plays a key role in forming head muscles and parts of the heart.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize research on the origins, signaling, genetics, and evolution of head musculature.
  • To highlight the heterogeneous characteristics of head muscle development.
  • To focus on the FGF-ERK pathway's role and discuss muscle regeneration and stem cell therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of developmental and lineage studies in vertebrates and invertebrates.
  • Analysis of evolutionary studies in chordates.
  • Focus on genetic and molecular signaling pathway research, particularly FGF-ERK.

Main Results:

  • Identification of an evolutionarily conserved cardiopharyngeal field.
  • Demonstration that this field predates and facilitates vertebrate myogenic cell types.
  • Highlighting the unique regulatory circuitry and heterogeneous nature of head muscle development.

Conclusions:

  • Head muscle development is controlled by distinct mechanisms involving an ancient cardiopharyngeal field.
  • The FGF-ERK pathway is a key regulator in head muscle formation.
  • Understanding these developmental processes is crucial for muscle regeneration and stem cell therapies.