Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Transmission Electron Microscopy01:15

Transmission Electron Microscopy

7.9K
In 1931, physicist Ernst Ruska—building on the idea that magnetic fields can direct an electron beam just as lenses can direct a beam of light in an optical microscope—developed the first prototype of the electron microscope. This development led to the development of the field of electron microscopy. In the transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrons are produced by a hot tungsten element and accelerated by a potential difference in an electron gun, which gives them up to 400...
7.9K
Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

6.0K
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
Accelerated...
6.0K
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

3.0K
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...
3.0K
Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy01:20

Preparation of Samples for Electron Microscopy

7.8K
To be visualized by an electron microscope, either transmission or scanning, biological samples need to be fixed (stabilized) so the electron beam does not destroy them and dried thoroughly (desiccated/dehydrated) so the vacuum does not affect them. Fixation needs to be done as quickly as possible because the sample properties will start changing as soon as it is removed from its natural environment. For example, in a tissue sample, the oxygen levels begin decreasing, causing an altered...
7.8K
Overview of Electron Microscopy01:25

Overview of Electron Microscopy

16.5K
The wavelengths of visible light ultimately limit the maximum theoretical resolution of images created by light microscopes. Most light microscopes can only magnify 1000X, and a few can magnify up to 1500X. Electrons, like electromagnetic radiation, can behave like waves, but with wavelengths of 0.005 nm, they produce significantly greater resolution up to 0.05 nm as compared to 500 nm for visible light. An electron microscope (EM) can create a sharp image that is magnified up to 2,000,000X.
16.5K
Overview of Microscopy Techniques01:22

Overview of Microscopy Techniques

17.7K
The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...
17.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A Principled and Data-efficient Information-theoretic Method for Feature Selection.

IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics·2026
Same author

Quasi-two-dimensional ferroelectricity with multiple switchable polarization states in N-H coinjected perovskite manganites.

Science advances·2025
Same author

Partial information decomposition for discrete target and continuous source random variables.

Physical review. E·2025
Same author

Strain-driven oxygen vacancy ordering in LaNiO<sub>3</sub> thin films revealed by integrated differential phase contrast imaging in scanning transmission electron microscopy.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2025
Same author

Quantitative comparison of long-range electric field measurements using off-axis electron holography and 4D-STEM via differential phase contrast.

Ultramicroscopy·2025
Same author

Comparison of automatic and physiologically-based feature selection methods for classifying physiological stress using heart rate and pulse rate variability indices.

Physiological measurement·2024
Same journal

Efficient methods for wave propagation in electron microscopy.

Ultramicroscopy·2026
Same journal

Unsupervised deep image prior for sparse-view and limited-angle electron tomography.

Ultramicroscopy·2026
Same journal

Determination of the structure of the tertiary phase in the alloy Al<sub>10</sub>Mo<sub>10</sub>Nb<sub>10</sub>Ta<sub>10</sub>Ti<sub>30</sub>Zr<sub>30</sub> using convergent beam electron diffraction.

Ultramicroscopy·2026
Same journal

Predictive drift compensation of multi-frame STEM via live scan modification.

Ultramicroscopy·2026
Same journal

Deep PACBED: Multitask analysis of PACBED images using deep neural networks.

Ultramicroscopy·2026
Same journal

Guided progressive reconstructive imaging: A new quantization-based framework for low-dose, high-throughput and real-time analytical ptychography.

Ultramicroscopy·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Preparation and Observation of Thick Biological Samples by Scanning Transmission Electron Tomography
08:04

Preparation and Observation of Thick Biological Samples by Scanning Transmission Electron Tomography

Published on: March 12, 2017

10.0K

Phase contrast STEM for thin samples: Integrated differential phase contrast.

Ivan Lazić1, Eric G T Bosch1, Sorin Lazar1

  • 1FEI Company, Achtseweg Noord 5, PO Box 80066, 5600 KA Eindhoven, The Netherlands.

Ultramicroscopy
|November 23, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New integrated STEM techniques (iCOM and iDPC) provide scalar images linearly related to the electrostatic potential. This enables atomic-resolution imaging of light and heavy elements with high signal-to-noise ratio.

Keywords:
Differential phase contrastIntegrated differential phase contrastScanning transmission electron microscopy

More Related Videos

Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization
07:50

Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization

Published on: July 17, 2015

11.8K
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Tomography in Virology: 3D Imaging of High-pressure Frozen, Freeze-substituted Samples
09:17

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Tomography in Virology: 3D Imaging of High-pressure Frozen, Freeze-substituted Samples

Published on: August 6, 2025

973

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Preparation and Observation of Thick Biological Samples by Scanning Transmission Electron Tomography
08:04

Preparation and Observation of Thick Biological Samples by Scanning Transmission Electron Tomography

Published on: March 12, 2017

10.0K
Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization
07:50

Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization

Published on: July 17, 2015

11.8K
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Tomography in Virology: 3D Imaging of High-pressure Frozen, Freeze-substituted Samples
09:17

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Tomography in Virology: 3D Imaging of High-pressure Frozen, Freeze-substituted Samples

Published on: August 6, 2025

973

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physics
  • Electron Microscopy

Background:

  • The movement of the center of mass (COM) in convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) patterns correlates with the projected electrical field in a sample.
  • Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) techniques like differential phase contrast (DPC) approximate this COM movement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive and validate new STEM imaging techniques, integrated COM (iCOM) and integrated DPC (iDPC), for visualizing electrostatic potential.
  • To compare iCOM and iDPC with existing STEM methods.

Main Methods:

  • Re-derivation of contrast transfer functions (CTFs) for iCOM and iDPC STEM.
  • Two-dimensional integration of image components based on COM movement.
  • Validation through simulations and experimental results.

Main Results:

  • The iCOM technique produces a scalar image directly proportional to the sample's phase shift and electrostatic potential.
  • The iDPC technique, derived from 4-quadrant DPC, approximates linearity with the sample's phase.
  • Both iCOM and iDPC show distinct imaging characteristics compared to COM, DPC, and (HA) ADF-STEM.

Conclusions:

  • The iDPC-STEM technique offers atomic resolution imaging of both light and heavy elements.
  • iDPC-STEM demonstrates a high signal-to-noise ratio, making it suitable for detailed material analysis.