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Related Concept Videos

Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Limits to Natural Selection01:38

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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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What is Natural Selection?01:32

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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Inclusive Fitness00:57

Inclusive Fitness

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Most altruistic behavior—in which one animal helps another at a cost to themselves—occurs between relatives. Scientists think these altruistic behaviors evolved because they increase the inclusive fitness of the animal providing help.
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Estimating microbial growth is essential for understanding population dynamics and environmental adaptations. Indirect methods provide valuable insights by measuring parameters such as turbidity, metabolic activity, and biomass, enabling efficient and reproducible assessments.During exponential growth, microbial cells scatter light proportionally to their biomass, a principle used in turbidity measurements. About one million cells per milliliter produce detectable scattering, which a...
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Quantifying nonadditive selection caused by indirect ecological effects.

Casey P TerHorst, Jennifer A Lau, Idelle A Cooper

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Indirect ecological effects in species interactions are common and can cause nonadditive selection. Quantifying this nonadditive selection is crucial for understanding adaptation in complex natural communities.

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    Area of Science:

    • Ecology
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Population Genetics

    Background:

    • Species interactions are fundamental to natural biological communities.
    • Multiple species interactions can generate indirect ecological effects.
    • These indirect effects can lead to nonadditive patterns of natural selection with significant fitness consequences.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a method for quantifying nonadditive selection arising from indirect ecological effects.
    • To compare the strength of nonadditive selection to pairwise selection.
    • To assess the impact of nonadditive selection on adaptation in multispecies communities.

    Main Methods:

    • Description of a quantitative method to assess nonadditive selection.
    • Testing the method using two empirical case studies.
    • Utilizing trait-based approaches and multifactorial experiments.

    Main Results:

    • Indirect ecological effects are likely a common driver of nonadditive selection in nature.
    • The developed method allows for the estimation of nonadditive selection's relative strength.
    • Case studies demonstrate the applicability of the method to real-world ecological data.

    Conclusions:

    • Nonadditive selection stemming from indirect ecological effects may be prevalent in natural communities.
    • Quantifying these effects is vital for a comprehensive understanding of community evolution.
    • Further research using trait-based and experimental approaches is encouraged to reveal the importance of indirect effects on evolution.