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Mechanistic and scale-specific analyses advance the preference-performance hypothesis.

Kelley F Slimon1, Scott H McArt2, Juha-Pekka Salminen3

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.

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Female moths (Schinia florida) choose host plants (Oenothera biennis) based on traits, but this preference doesn't always ensure offspring survival. Decisions within plants are more adaptive than between plants, highlighting scale-dependent trade-offs in herbivore-plant interactions.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Chemical Ecology

Background:

  • Oviposition choice and larval performance are key to plant-herbivore interactions and fitness.
  • The preference-performance hypothesis (PPH) suggests oviposition on plants maximizing offspring performance, but exceptions exist.
  • Understanding mechanistic processes and scale-specific factors is crucial for resolving PPH exceptions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate mechanistic drivers of oviposition preference and larval performance in Schinia florida moths on Oenothera biennis.
  • Examine how these dynamics shift across scales (between vs. within plants).
  • Identify plant traits predicting both preference and performance using machine learning.

Main Methods:

  • Measured 126 plant traits, including specialized metabolites via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
  • Applied machine learning to identify traits correlating with both moth preference and larval performance.
  • Compared preference and performance across scales: between individual plants and within individual plants (buds vs. fruits).

Main Results:

  • No relationship between maternal oviposition preference and offspring performance was found between plants.
  • Nine plant traits predicted both preference and performance between plants; traits preferred by moths were negatively associated with performance, suggesting trade-offs with plant defenses.
  • Within plants, moths preferred flower buds over fruits, with higher performance on buds; only one trait predicted both preference and performance positively at this scale.

Conclusions:

  • Specialist herbivores face trait-based trade-offs between host selection among plants and larval performance.
  • Herbivore decisions are more adaptive at finer scales within plants than among plants.
  • Mechanistic and cross-scale approaches reveal conditions under which adult preference predicts larval performance.