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Related Concept Videos

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry
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Hypercalcemia. Pathophysiological aspects.

I Žofková1

  • 1Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic. izofkova@upcmail.cz.

Physiological Research
|November 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Hypercalcemia, a dangerous condition of high serum calcium, often stems from hyperparathyroidism or cancer. This review explores its diverse causes and regulatory mechanisms.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nephrology
  • Metabolic Regulation

Background:

  • Serum calcium homeostasis is maintained by bone remodeling, intestinal absorption, and renal resorption.
  • Imbalances in calcium regulation can lead to hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia.
  • Hypercalcemia is a common, potentially life-threatening condition, frequently linked to hyperparathyroidism and malignancy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of hypercalcemia.
  • To discuss the diverse etiologies of hypercalcemia.

Main Methods:

  • Medline bibliographic search.
  • Literature review of hypercalcemia mechanisms and causes.

Main Results:

  • Hypercalcemia is predominantly caused by hyperparathyroidism and malignancy (90%).

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  • Less common causes include renal failure, transplantation, endocrinopathies, granulomatous diseases, and certain pharmaceuticals.
  • Genetic factors, such as mutations in the calcium sensing receptor or CYP24A1 gene, and familial conditions like multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1 and MEN2), contribute to hypercalcemia.

    • Conclusions:

    • Understanding the multifaceted mechanisms of hypercalcemia is crucial for diagnosis and management.
    • Both common and rare causes, including genetic predispositions, must be considered in clinical practice.