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Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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Gut-Brain Axis01:22

Gut-Brain Axis

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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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Obesity01:24

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
11:22

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

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New-found link between microbiota and obesity.

Chandra Kanti Chakraborti1

  • 1Chandra Kanti Chakraborti, Department of Pharmacology, Kanak Manjari Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rourkela 769015, Orissa, India.

World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology
|November 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Gut microbiota influences obesity through short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate and propionate, which are antiobesogenic, and acetate, which is obesogenic. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) also contribute to obesity development.

Keywords:
AcetateButyrateMicrobiotaObesityPropionate

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Metabolic Health
  • Gut Microbiome Research

Background:

  • Obesity is a significant global health concern with complex etiological factors.
  • Emerging research highlights the gut microbiota's role in obesity development.
  • Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are key microbial products implicated in this relationship.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the intricate mechanisms linking gut microbiota composition to obesity.
  • To elucidate the specific roles of SCFAs (butyrate, propionate, acetate) and LPS in metabolic dysregulation.
  • To discuss potential strategies for obesity prevention based on microbial modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating gut microbiota, SCFAs, LPS, and obesity.
  • Analysis of mechanisms by which SCFAs and LPS influence host metabolism, inflammation, and energy balance.
  • Synthesis of findings on the obesogenic and antiobesogenic properties of specific SCFAs.

Main Results:

  • Butyrate and propionate exhibit predominantly antiobesogenic effects, improving insulin sensitivity, reducing inflammation, and regulating weight via gut hormones.
  • Acetate demonstrates obesogenic potential by serving as a substrate for lipogenesis.
  • Increased LPS absorption, often linked to high-fat diets, contributes to metabolic endotoxemia and inflammation, promoting obesity.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiota, through its metabolites like SCFAs and components like LPS, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of obesity.
  • Targeting specific SCFAs and mitigating LPS effects may offer novel therapeutic avenues for weight management.
  • Further research into the complex interplay between diet, gut microbiota, and host metabolism is essential for effective obesity prevention and treatment.