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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
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Psychosurgery, the surgical alteration or permanent removal of brain tissue to alleviate severe psychological conditions, stands as one of the most radical and controversial treatments in the history of mental health care. Its development and application have evolved significantly, marked by dramatic shifts in scientific understanding and ethical perspectives.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Principles of Pituitary Surgery.

Christopher J Farrell1, Gurston G Nyquist2, Alexander A Farag2

  • 1Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, 909 Walnut Street, 2nd Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.

Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
|November 29, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors has evolved significantly since its inception. This review details the historical development and technical distinctions between microscopic and endoscopic approaches for pituitary tumor treatment.

Keywords:
Endoscopy versus microscopyPituitary surgeryPituitary tumorsTransnasalTranssphenoidal

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Otolaryngology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors has a long history of evolution.
  • Early pioneers like Hirsch and Cushing contributed to and refined surgical approaches.
  • The introduction of the surgical microscope by Hardy marked a significant advancement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development of transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors.
  • To outline the fundamental principles of pituitary tumor surgery.
  • To compare the technical nuances of endoscopic versus microscopic transsphenoidal approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Historical review of surgical techniques for pituitary tumors.
  • Description of key decision-making elements in pituitary surgery.
  • Comparative analysis of endoscopic and microscopic surgical methods.

Main Results:

  • Transsphenoidal surgery has progressed from early endonasal techniques to microscope-assisted and now endoscopic procedures.
  • Key surgical principles and decision-making factors remain crucial regardless of the approach.
  • Endoscopic and microscopic techniques offer distinct advantages and require specific technical considerations.

Conclusions:

  • The evolution of transsphenoidal surgery reflects continuous innovation in treating pituitary tumors.
  • Understanding the historical context and technical differences is vital for optimal patient care.
  • Both endoscopic and microscopic approaches are valuable tools, with the choice depending on specific surgical needs.