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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
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Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

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Development and Function of Effector Regulatory T Cells.

Peggy P Teh1, Ajithkumar Vasanthakumar1, Axel Kallies1

  • 1Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science
|November 29, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, particularly effector Treg (eTreg) cells, are crucial for immune homeostasis. Understanding their differentiation and function in nonlymphoid tissues is key to managing autoimmune diseases.

Keywords:
Blimp-1Cytokine signalingFoxP3IL-10IL-33IRF4TCR signalingTissue-resident cellsTreg

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Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
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Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&#239;ve and Memory T Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • The immune system distinguishes self from nonself, but self-reactive T cells can escape elimination and cause autoimmune disease.
  • Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing FoxP3 are vital for immune homeostasis and suppressing autoimmune responses.
  • Treg cells can suppress inflammation in various tissues, requiring peripheral differentiation into effector Treg (eTreg) cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of effector Treg (eTreg) cell differentiation, migration, and maintenance.
  • To highlight the role of eTreg cells in nonlymphoid tissues during health and disease.
  • To discuss the immunosuppressive functions of eTreg cells, including IL-10 production.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on Treg cell biology.
  • Analysis of mechanisms governing eTreg cell differentiation and function.
  • Focus on eTreg cell behavior in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues.

Main Results:

  • Effector Treg (eTreg) cells emerge from a peripheral differentiation program.
  • eTreg cells are characterized by high production of immunosuppressive molecules like IL-10.
  • These specialized Treg cells play a critical role in suppressing inflammation in nonlymphoid tissues.

Conclusions:

  • Recent advances provide deeper insights into the regulation of eTreg cells.
  • Understanding eTreg cell dynamics in nonlymphoid tissues is crucial for immune system regulation.
  • Targeting eTreg cell mechanisms may offer therapeutic strategies for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.