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Anatomical terminology, then and now.
1Department of Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis.
Acta Anatomica
|January 1, 1989
Summary
The standardization of anatomical terminology, beginning with the BNA in 1895, has greatly benefited anatomical teaching and research. This historical review highlights how modern anatomical nomenclature primarily selects existing terms, ensuring a coherent, international standard.
Area of Science:
- Anatomy
- Medical History
- Scientific Nomenclature
Background:
- Nineteenth-century anatomical terminology was highly disorganized, necessitating a standardized system.
- The Basle Nomina Anatomica (BNA) of 1895 codified approximately 5,000 terms from a much larger pool.
- Subsequent revisions (BR, INA, PNA) further refined anatomical nomenclature.
Observation:
- Many anatomical terms have ancient origins and were not newly created.
- The naming of cranial nerves and carpal/tarsal bones exemplifies the selection of existing terms.
- Current anatomical nomenclatures are in Latin, with necessary translations for broader use.
Findings:
- The BNA and its revisions represent selections of pre-existing terms, not entirely new terminologies.
- The current names for seven of the eight carpal bones were proposed by Henle in 1855.
- The Nomina Anatomica has significantly reduced synonymy and established an international standard.
Implications:
- The adoption of the anatomical position and erect posture is favored in current anatomical practice.
- The elimination of eponyms enhances clarity and consistency in anatomical terminology.
- The Nomina Anatomica provides a coherent, globally accepted standard crucial for anatomical education and research.