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Parenteral Nutrition (PN) delivers essential nutrients directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system. It is commonly used for individuals with severe digestive disorders or conditions that prevent normal nutrient absorption.
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Venous thrombosis requires effective prevention and treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes and reduce potential complications.Prevention StrategiesHealthcare providers must prioritize preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) for all adult patients upon admission. Interventions depend on bleeding and thrombosis risk, medical history, current medications, diagnoses, planned procedures, and patient preferences. Patients on bed rest should change positions every two hours and, if not...
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Hemodialysis (HD) is a medical treatment that artificially removes waste products, excess fluids, and toxins from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to perform these functions effectively. In this process, blood is filtered through a semipermeable membrane, allowing for the selective removal of waste while preserving necessary components like blood cells and proteins. Hemodialysis is typically performed in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or severe kidney...
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The key difference between Superficial Vein Thrombosis (SVT) and Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) lies in their location and severity.Clinical ManifestationsSVT typically presents with localized pain, tenderness, and redness along the course of a superficial vein, often accompanied by a palpable, cord-like structure under the skin. This condition is usually less dangerous than DVT but can be uncomfortable and may lead to complications such as cellulitis or, rarely, a clot extension into the deep...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

The Supraclavicular Fossa Ultrasound View for Central Venous Catheter Placement and Catheter Change Over Guidewire
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[Ultrasound-guided peripheral venous access].

Régis Fuzier1, Pierre Rougé1, Sébastien Pierre1

  • 1Unité d'anesthésie, institut Claudius-Regaud, IUCT-O, 31059 Toulouse, France.

Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983)
|December 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Ultrasound is recommended for central venous catheterization, but its role in peripheral venous access is unclear. Vein diameter and depth are key factors for successful peripheral IV insertion, especially in challenging patient populations.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Vascular Access
  • Ultrasound Technology

Context:

  • International guidelines recommend ultrasound for central venous catheterization, particularly internal jugular vein.
  • The utility of ultrasound for peripheral venous access is not well-established.
  • Difficult peripheral venous access occurs in pediatrics, obesity, and patients with compromised venous networks.

Purpose:

  • To evaluate the role of ultrasound in peripheral venous access.
  • To identify factors influencing peripheral intravenous access success rates.
  • To highlight considerations for infection control in venous cannulation.

Summary:

  • Ultrasound guidance is standard for central venous access but its benefit for peripheral IVs is debated.
  • Successful peripheral IV insertion depends on vein diameter and depth (0.3-1.5 cm).

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Upper-extremity Approach for Secondary Access in Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
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Related Experiment Videos

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  • Puncture technique and catheter type have minimal impact on peripheral access success.

    • Impact:

    • Clarifies the current understanding of ultrasound's role in peripheral venous access.
    • Provides evidence-based factors for optimizing peripheral IV success.
    • Emphasizes the need for specific infection control measures in all venous access procedures.